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Chickpea – Inoculation and Fertility

Purpose of Inoculation

One of the most important inputs for any pulse crop is inoculant, and several input suppliers offer chickpea inoculants in a variety of formulations. Proper inoculation for chickpeas will reduce or remove your need to apply nitrogen fertilizer and will help get your crop get off to a good start.

Chickpeas have the ability to fix 60% to 80% of their nitrogen requirements through nitrogen fixation. Kabuli chickpeas are excellent nodulators and nitrogen-fixers. Desi chickpeas are good nitrogen-fixers under ideal conditions, but may be a little sensitive to adverse environmental conditions.

Chickpeas require a specific Rhizobium species for nitrogen fixation (Rhizobia cicero), and it is different from Rhizobium used for peas and lentils. Examine the label of any inoculant to make sure that it is appropriate for chickpeas. Some chickpea inoculants will be labelled as “garbanzo bean,” and are appropriate for use in chickpeas. Note that many different strains of this Rhizobium species occur and vary in terms of their effectiveness. The manufacturer may have one or more strains in the inoculant.

Rhizobium bacteria can live in the soil for a number of years. However, the most efficient nitrogen-fixing bacteria may not be among those that survive. Chickpea crops should be inoculated each time they are grown to ensure sufficient numbers of the correct strain of highly effective rhizobia is available. Inoculant is economical relative to its potential benefits. The risk of poor nodulation is too great to not inoculate each time the crop is seeded. Western Canadian research indicates a significant yield response to inoculation of grain legumes in 30% to 50% of the cases. For this reason, most experienced chickpea producers use an inoculant on their chickpea crop every year. 

Inoculant Formulations

Chickpea inoculants come in three formulations. Manufacturers may package the inoculant as either a mixed strain inoculant that contains a mixture of the strains, or a single-strain inoculant which contains only one rhizobia strain. In either case the best strains are chosen based on their ability to nodulate the crop on the label. 

All inoculant formulations will perform equally well if the inoculant is properly applied and if environmental conditions are ideal. Under adverse conditions the best performing formulation should be granular, followed by peat, and then liquid.

TIMING

  • Generally, inoculate your seed the day you’re seeding, but different brands or types have different storage limits and recommended application timing.

Inoculants and fertilizer/

fungicides
  • Inoculants are sensitive to granular fertilizer.
  • Banding fertilizer to the side and/or below the seed is recommended.
  • Never tank mix inoculant with fertilizer.
  • Inoculants are also sensitive to some seed-applied fungicides.
  • Check the label of both the inoculant and seed treatment for compatibility.
  • When using a combination of fungicide and inoculant, apply the fungicide to the seed first, allow it to dry, and apply the inoculant immediately prior to seeding.

Peat Powder Inoculant
  • Applied directly to the seed with a non-toxic sticking agent, this formulation is a finely ground peat that contains over a billion rhizobia per gram.
  • Powder/peat formulations are more durable and less prone to desiccation and seed treatment damage, compared to liquid formulations. The bacteria can still be killed by desiccation so the same precautions should be taken as with liquid.
  • Some peat-based powder inoculants require the use of a sticker. Adhesion to the seed can be enhanced if the seed is slightly damp during inoculation.
  • Peat powder inoculant is one of the most common types used in Canada.

Liquid Inoculant
  • This formulation, which also contains over a billion rhizobia per gram, is applied directly to the seed, and because it comes in liquid form, a sticking agent is typically included in the fluid.
  • Liquid inoculant comes in bags that make it easy to distribute evenly onto the seed while it is being augured into a truck box or through a drill fill.
  • Liquid-based products offer convenience and better control of application rate, compared to other forms. However, they are also more susceptible to damage prior to seeding from environmental extremes and seed treatments than other inoculant forms.
  • If treated seed is planted immediately into a moist seedbed, liquid formulations perform well.

Granular Soil Inoculant
  • Unlike peat powder or liquid inoculants, granular soil inoculant is not applied directly to the seed but, rather, with the seed in the seed row.
  • This formulation does, however, contain the same amount of rhizobia as both the powder and liquid inoculants and is gaining in popularity because of its convenience.
  • Under cold or very dry spring seedbed conditions, granular soil inoculation has shown considerable potential for producing large, stable yields and minimizing the risk of growing the crop.
  • Granular formulations are the least prone to exposure damage. They allow for precise application rates when an additional seed cart compartment is available.
  • Granular inoculants are less affected by seed-applied fungicides than other forms of inoculants.

Maximizing rhibozia survivability
  • Once the proper inoculant is chosen, steps should be taken to ensure maximum rhizobia survivability.
  • Rhizobium bacteria (either on the seed or in the package) die if they are exposed to stress such as high temperature, drying winds, or direct sunlight.
  • Inoculant must be stored in a cool dark place prior to use and must be used before the expiry date. Following application of the inoculant, plant into moist soil as soon as possible.
  • Inoculants are sensitive to granular fertilizer. Banding fertilizer to the side and/or below the seed is recommended. Never mix inoculant with granular fertilizer.
  • Inoculants are also sensitive to some seed-applied fungicides. Check the label of both the inoculant and seed treatment for compatibility.
  • When using a combination of fungicide and inoculant, apply the fungicide to the seed first, allow it to dry, and apply the inoculant immediately prior to seeding.

 

How do I know if the inoculant was successful?

 

TIMING
  • The effectiveness of inoculation can be checked by examining the pulse crop at early flowering.
  • It may take up to four weeks after seed germination before nodulation reaches a point where it can be evaluated.

HOW TO CHECK
  • Although chickpea is an excellent nitrogen fixer and the nodules can be easily seen when a plant is pulled from the ground. The best way to check for nodulation is to dig a plant and gently remove the soil from the roots by washing in a bucket of water.
  • Nodules are fragile and readily pull off if the roots are pulled out of the soil.
  • Watch:  Nodulation Scoring Video.

WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT?
  • Nitrogen fixation is synchronized with plant growth, supplying the crop nitrogen during rapid vegetative growth.
  • Seed applied inoculant should result in nodules forming on the primary root near the crown.
  • If the inoculant was soil applied (granular), nodules should be found on primary and secondary roots.
  • If nitrogen fixation is active, the nodules will be pink or red on the inside.
  • Lack of nodules indicates rhizobia did not infect the pulse plant.
  • Lack of a pink colour (usually green or cream coloured) indicates the rhizobia are not fixing nitrogen.
  • Nitrogen fixation declines once plants begin pod formation and seed development.

what to do if nodulation failure
  • If a nodulation failure is noted by early summer, nitrogen can be applied as a rescue treatment. Check at early flowering, seven to 10 days (approximately the 8 node stage).
  • Nodulation and nitrogen fixation should be well developed by the 12 node stage. Although application rates have not been established, an immediate top-dress application of 44 to 55 kg/ha (39 to 49 lb/ac) should be made.
  • This nitrogen is best applied as broadcast urea or dribble banded liquid 28-0-0. The use of a urease inhibitor which protects the urea-nitrogen for up to two weeks while waiting for a rain to move the nitrogen into the soil, should be considered with this later application of nitrogen to decrease losses.

naturally occurring
  • Some sites may show little to no response to inoculation with any formulation as these sites had previous pulse crops or naturally occurring (native) rhizobia.

USE AT RECOMMENDED RATES
  • When seeding on land with no known history of pulses, it’s best to use inoculant at recommended rates. Although some rhizobia occur naturally in soils, it’s important to ensure sufficient numbers of the correct strain of highly effective rhizobia are present when the seed germinates.

WATCH – Nodulation Scoring Video

Resource

Special thank you to Saskatchewan Pulse Growers.